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Abstract

The present in vitro study assessed the antibacterial efficacy of aqueous root extracts prepared using hot and cold extraction methods of Saussurea costus against Streptococcus mutans isolates. Based on antibacterial screening results, the hot extract, which demonstrated greater antibacterial activity, was selected for subsequent cytotoxicity assessment. Cold and hot aqueous extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening, and phenolic acids and flavonoids were quantitatively assessed using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Antibacterial efficacy was evaluated using a resazurin-based microdilution technique to assess the minimum inhibitory concentration, followed by subculture to determine the minimum bactericidal concentration, and an agar well diffusion assay. Cytotoxicity of the hot extract was analyzed using the Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay. The findings demonstrated that both extracts contained phenols, flavonoids, terpenes, tannins, glycosides, saponins, carbohydrates, alkaloids, and resins. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography analysis detected four phenolic acids and four flavonoids. The hot extract showed lower minimum inhibitory concentration (16–128 µg/mL) and minimum bactericidal concentration (32–256 µg/mL) than the cold extract and produced larger inhibition zones (22.80 ± 1.73 mm) than both the cold extract (16.80 ± 2.68 mm) and 0.12% chlorhexidine (18.30 ± 1.12 mm). Gingival fibroblast viability remained 88.95% at the highest minimum bactericidal concentration (256 µg/mL) and 50% Inhibitory Concentration was not reached. These findings indicate that both Saussurea costus aqueous extracts exhibited antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans, with superior performance of the hot extract under the tested conditions.

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License.

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