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Abstract

Stingless bees incorporate propolis into their nest as a structural and protective material. Information remains limited on how solvent fractionation affects the antioxidant and enzyme-inhibitory activities of propolis produced by Indo nesian Tetragonula laeviceps. This study examined a crude extract prepared with 70% ethanol together with the n- hexane, ethyl acetate, and water fractions obtained from it. The analysis comprised total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), three antioxidant assays (ABTS, CUPRAC, TBARS), and inhibition of tyrosinase, elastase, and collagenase. The largest TPC and TFC values were obtained from the ethyl acetate fraction, at 85.93 ± 1.28 mg GAE/g and 71.92 ± 0.97 mg QE/g, respectively. The sample fraction ranked first in every activity assay. Its IC values were 214.68 ± 0.93 μg/mL in the ABTS assay, 19.12 ± 2.14 μg/mL in the CUPRAC assay, and 29.19 ± 1.33 μg/mL in the TBARS assay. The IC 50 50 values against tyrosinase, elastase, and collagenase were 151.18 ± 1.52, 203.23 ± 1.98, and 98.19 ± 1.56 μg/ mL, respectively. Pearson correlation analysis showed associations between TPC, TFC, three antioxidant activities and three enzyme-inhibition responses. Principal component analysis also separated the ethyl acetate fraction from the remaining samples. Under the conditions examined, this fraction showed the strongest overall activity and can therefore be prioritized for chemical characterization and further evaluation in skin-related cosmeceutical research.

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Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License.

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