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Ahyar Ahmad, Chemistry Department, Mathematics and Natural Science Faculty, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar 90245, IndonesiaFollow
Andriansjah Rukmana, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta 10320, Indonesia
Miski A. Khairinisa, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia
Dian A. E. Pitaloka, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia
Rosana Agus, Biology Department, Mathematics and Natural Science Faculty, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
Rusdina B. Ladju, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
Tarwadi Ahmad, Centre for Vaccine and Drug Research, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Tangerang Selatan, Banten 15314, Indonesia
Astutiati Nurhasanah, Centre for Vaccine and Drug Research, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Tangerang Selatan, Banten 15314, Indonesia
Carina C. D. Joe, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
Muhammad N. Massi, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
Harningsih Karim, Department of Pharmacy, YAMASI School of Pharmacy, Makassar 90222, Indonesia
Irda Handayani, Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
Siti Roszilawati binti Ramli, Bacteriology Unit, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Health, 40710 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant public health challenge worldwide. Currently, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the only vaccine available for TB prophylaxis. However, the efficacy of the BCG vaccine against adult pulmonary TB is considered inconsistent. This condition encourages researchers to look for more effective options, such as subunit vaccines. This condition requires the development of a more effective subunit vaccine to protect active TB in productive and adult ages. There is an urgent need for more effective vaccines, as the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine currently available has inconsistent efficacy and is only partially effective in adults. Bio-immunoinformatics, an interdisciplinary field integrating bioinformatics with immunology, offers promising strategies for vaccine development. By utilizing genomic and proteomic data from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) genome, bio-immunoinformatics tools can precisely predict B-cell and T-cell epitopes, facilitating the design of vaccines that induce robust and long-lasting immune responses. Furthermore, integrating immunoinformatics with systems biology and machine learning enables the identification of immune escape mechanisms and variability in host responses, improving candidate selection. This review examines bio-immunoinformatics' application in identifying potential antigens, mapping epitopes, and designing highly effective TB vaccine candidates. This article highlights recent computational approaches and methodologies advancements, underscoring their pivotal role in accelerating TB vaccine research and development. Finally, we discuss the transformative potential of bio-immunoinformatics in revolutionizing TB vaccine design, ultimately contributing to more effective and widely applicable TB prevention strategies.

Creative Commons License

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License.

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