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Rif’atul Hawani Burhan, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, 65145 Malang, Indonesia;
Nabila Shafa Yumna Salsabila, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, 65145 Malang, Indonesia
Devita Zulfa Pratama, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, 65145 Malang, Indonesia;
La Tazkia Aulia Wibowo, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, 65145 Malang, Indonesia;
Yulian Ervin Maulana, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, 65145 Malang, Indonesia
Moh Dliyauddin, Study Program of Biology Education, Faculty of Education and Teacher Training, Jember University, 68121, Jember, Indonesia
Noviana Dwi Lestari, Study Program of Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Muhammadiyah Malang University, 65145 Malang, Indonesia
Agung Pramana Warih Marhendra, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, 65145 Malang, Indonesia
Aris Soewondo, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, 65145 Malang, Indonesia
Hideo Tsuboi, Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 466-8550, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
Muhaimin Rifa’i, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, 65145 Malang, IndonesiaFollow

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and chronic inflammation. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory and insulin-modulating effects of Tithonia-Curcuma-Moringa (TCM) formulation in type 2 diabetes model. Male BALB/c mice were divided into six groups: normal control, type 2 diabetes control, metformin treatment, and three TCM formulation treatment groups with three different dose combinations. Type 2 diabetes was induced using a high-fat diet combined with streptozotocin injection, supported by sucrose administration. After 21 days of treatment, the spleen and pancreas were isolated for flow cytometry analysis. The results showed that the expression levels of NF-κB, TNF-α, and IFN-γ in CD4 T helper cells were significantly higher in diabetic mice compared to normal mice. Combination 1 (T. diversifolia 500 mg/kg BW+C. longa 200 mg/kg BW+M. oleifera 300 mg/kg BW) exhibited the most potent anti-inflammatory effect, significantly reducing the expression of NF-κB, TNF-α, and IFN-γ to levels comparable to those observed with metformin treatment. The proportion of T cells CD4+CD25+ was significantly increased in diabetic mice, indicating T cell activation, and then significantly decreased after administration of metformin and combination 3; insignificantly combinations 1 and 2. Insulin expression was significantly decreased in diabetic mice and then insignificantly increased by metformin and two combinations (1 and 2). In conclusion, the combination 1 TCM formulation demonstrated strong anti-inflammatory and suggested a potential insulin-modulating effect comparable to metformin in the type 2 diabetic mouse model, showing its role as an alternative treatment for managing chronic inflammation associated with type 2 diabetes.

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Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License.

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